The Updater is just an executable, which will always update itself, and the only thing that could prevent you to get the latest version, are the antivirus or the firewall.
However, as a standard .NET application, it might be affected by a problem with a Windows Update, like some of the system libraries not updated or missing or corrupted, which are not very easy to troubleshoot and not fixable from our side. Other than being sure your Windows is full updated, I can't think of any other reason why it wouldn't start.
Again, other than the antivirus blocking it or the firewall preventing to get the latest version, which are by far the most common cases.